These problems should be done on your own. We're not going to be grading them strictly (we'll mainly look at whether you attempted them). But they will be reinforcing knowledge and skills, so you should totally work through them carefully. CourseNana.COM

mmap()

Consider the following code excerpt that uses mmap(): CourseNana.COM

int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
    // ...
    // readme.txt is a file that is 5KB in length.
    int fd = open("readme.txt", O_RDWR, 0);

    char *map1 = (char*)mmap(NULL, 5120, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
    char *map2 = (char*)mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);

    // assume that neither mmap call fails

    char x = 0;
    char y = 0;
    // Line 1
    for (int i = 0; i < 5120; i++) {
        x = map1[i];
        y = map2[i % 4096]; 
    }
    // Line 2
    // ...
}

// The signature of mmap is:
//
//   void* mmap(void *addr, size_t len, int prot, int flags, int fd, off_t offset);
//   
// If addr is NULL, the kernel chooses the start virtual address.
//
// If not already in memory, disk blocks are fetched into physical pages on access.
//
// Each separate call to mmap() with the same fd maps the file in a separate
// location and does not undo prior mappings. This means that in the example
// above, the file can be read and written from multiple virtual addresses
// within the same address space.

Assume the operating system minimizes the number of virtual and physical pages required in order to implement mmap(). CourseNana.COM

Context switches

In this question, you will implement swtch(), which switches between two user-level threads. You will do so for a user-level threading package, running on the TeensyArch processor. TeensyArch has 4 general registers, %r0-%r3, a stack pointer, a base (or frame) pointer, and an instruction pointer %rip. Assume the same stack frame structure as the architecture we’ve been covering in class (x86); further, all registers need to be saved by a function’s callee (that is, registers are callee-saved, also known as call-preserved). CourseNana.COM

Fill out swtch(). Below are definitions, declarations, and utility functions that you can use. CourseNana.COM

struct thread {
    int thread_id;
    uint64_t stack;
    /* ... */
};

enum register {
    R0,
    R1,
    R2,
    R3,
    RBP,
    RSP
};

// Push CPU's register r to the stack
void push_register(register r);

// Pop from the stack and into the CPU's register r
void pop_register(register r);

// Returns the CPU's current value of register r. 
uint64_t read_register(register r);

// Update the CPU's register r so it holds value `value`.
void write_register(register r, uint64_t value);


// Context switch from thread t1 to thread t2.
void swtch(struct thread *t1, struct thread *t2) {
    // On entry this function is run by thread t1.

    // Your code here. We have started it for you.
    push_register(RBP);
    push_register(R0);

    // YOUR CODE HERE

    return; // The function should return to the
            // point where thread t2 called swtch().
}

Polling vs. interrupts

As discussed in class, two ways for an operating system to become aware of external events associated with a device are interrupts and polling. We observed that if a computer were receiving many interrupts, it might spend all of its time processing them and not get other work done; in that case, the operating system should switch to polling the device. Now consider the following: CourseNana.COM

• A computer has an attached keyboard. The keyboard has a 1024-byte internal memory buffer to hold the codes of recently-pressed keys, each of which consumes 2 bytes of buffer space. (The buffer is a FIFO, which for our purposes means that the OS simply reads from it and doesn’t manage the memory; if this parenthetical confuses you, you can ignore it.) CourseNana.COM

• This computer and its OS take 1 microsecond (10 − 6 seconds) to handle an interrupt from the keyboard. That duration includes everything: reading from the keyboard’s buffer, determining which key was pressed, and painting the appropriate letter to the screen. CourseNana.COM

• Assume that polling requires a fixed cost of 1 microsecond per poll. Further assume that, per poll, the operating system can read an arbitrary amount of the keyboard’s internal memory buffer, up to the entire size of that buffer. CourseNana.COM

• Assume that, if polling, the operating system checks the device in question every 200 milliseconds. CourseNana.COM

• Assume that humans are sensitive to lags of 100 milliseconds or greater. Specifically, if a human types a letter, that letter must appear on the screen less than 100 milliseconds after the human types it, to avoid annoyance. CourseNana.COM

• You type exceptionally quickly: 200 words per minute. Assume that the average word has 7 letters, including the space at the end of the word. CourseNana.COM

• Each key code (each letter, in other words) generates a separate interrupt. CourseNana.COM

Disk performance

Consider a disk with the following characteristics: CourseNana.COM

• The disk rotates at 12,000 RPM (rotations per minute)
• The disk has 10 platters (and 10 corresponding heads); the cost to change which head is active is zero
• Each sector is 512 bytes
• There are 1024 sectors per track (we are ignoring the fact that the number of sectors per track varies on a real disk)
• There are 4096 tracks per platter
• The average seek time is 15 ms.
• Ignore the time to transfer the bits from the disk to memory; that is, once the disk head is positioned over the sector, the transfer happens instantaneously.

Disk scheduling